What is Modelling ?

Pathologies refer to undesirable or dysfunctional behaviours or patterns within a system. See Also: Archetypes , Patterns

A closed system, contrary to an open system, is one that does not exchange information, energy, or material with its environment. However, in reality, completely closed systems rarely exist, and

The term “mess,” coined by Russell Ackoff, refers to a complex system of interconnected problems that cannot be addressed in isolation. It emphasizes that attempting to solve individual problems within

A quasi-experiment is a research design that resembles a traditional experiment but lacks one key aspect: random assignment. In a quasi-experiment, the researcher doesn’t control group assignment due to practical

Viable System Model (VSM) outlines essential organizational characteristics required for a system to adapt to unexpected environmental changes. VSM is applicable to organizations of all sizes, explaining how systems can