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What is Black Box ?

A black box is a system where only the inputs (what goes in) and outputs (what comes out) are observed, focusing on its behaviour without examining how it works inside. It simplifies complex systems by emphasizing what they do, not how they do it.

Additional Glossary Terms

Butterfly Effect

The butterfly effect is a metaphor for the unpredictability of complex systems. It suggests that small changes in initial conditions can lead to drastically different outcomes. Edward Lorenz, in his

Agency

Agency refers to the ability of an individual or organization to act independently and make decisions that affect themselves or others. It is the capacity to take action and have

Soft Systems Methodology (SSM)

Soft Systems Methodology is a powerful approach for tackling messy, real-world problems by focusing on understanding different perspectives, facilitating learning and shared meaning among stakeholders, and iteratively developing purposeful actions

Function

A function refers to the distinct purpose, role, or action that a component or subsystem carries out within a larger system. It is how a part contributes to the overall

Cybernetics

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary science focused on “control and communication in the animal and the machine”. Coined by Norbert Wiener in 1948, the term is derived from the Greek word

Positivisim

Positivism values scientific knowledge and empirical evidence. It operates under the assumption that the best way to understand and explain the world is through observation, measurement, and experimentation. Positivism seeks