What is Reductionism ?

The term “action research” was coined around 1944 by the social psychologist Kurt Lewin. Lewin strongly believed that research in the social sciences must serve social practice, arguing that “Research

Methodology refers to the logical principles that govern the use of methods in order that the philosophy/theory embraced by the approach is properly respected and appropriately put into practice. It

Causal loop refers to the representation of cause-and-effect relationships between variables or components in a system. Causal loops and feedback loops are often used interchangeable. A feedback loop is a

Dynamics and Loops refer to the shift from linear cause-and-effect relationships to circular, interconnected ones. This concept emphasizes the importance of feedback loops—where elements within a system influence each other

Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH), developed by Werner Ulrich, is a philosophical framework for reflective and emancipatory practice. Its core is boundary critique, using 12 boundary questions to systematically surface the

Alexander Bogdanov coined the term “tektology” or “the science of structures” from the Greek word “tekton” which means “builder.” Tektology was the initial effort in the history of science to