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What is Hierarchies ?

Systems are generally complex wholes made up of smaller subsystems. This nesting of systems within other systems is what is implied by hierarchy.

Additional Glossary Terms

Positivisim

Positivism values scientific knowledge and empirical evidence. It operates under the assumption that the best way to understand and explain the world is through observation, measurement, and experimentation. Positivism seeks

Open System

Open systems are systems that interact with their environment by importing and exporting matter and energy. Living organisms are prime examples of open systems. They sustain themselves through a continuous

Feedback

Feedback involves the return of part of the system’s output as input, creating a loop of information or action that can influence the system’s behaviour. Feedback can be either positive

Methodology

Methodology refers to the logical principles that govern the use of methods in order that the philosophy/theory embraced by the approach is properly respected and appropriately put into practice. It

Autopoiesis

Autopoiesis refers to the self-making process through which living systems create and recreate themselves, maintaining their own identity as distinct organisms or organizations. Coined by Maturana and Varela, the term

Action Research

The term “action research” was coined around 1944 by the social psychologist Kurt Lewin. Lewin strongly believed that research in the social sciences must serve social practice, arguing that “Research