What is Holons ?

The term ‘isomorphism’ conveys the notion of ‘sameness’. It aims to emphasize that there exist formal resemblances and correspondence among various kinds of systems.

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary science focused on “control and communication in the animal and the machine”. Coined by Norbert Wiener in 1948, the term is derived from the Greek word

Method or technique refers to the concrete steps or tools used to implement the methodology. Method is associated with the specific systems approach and concerned with achieving more specific procedural

Viable System Model (VSM) outlines essential organizational characteristics required for a system to adapt to unexpected environmental changes. VSM is applicable to organizations of all sizes, explaining how systems can

A boundary separates a system from its environment. The borders of the system, determined by the observer(s), which define where control action can be taken: a particular area of responsibility

Viability or Viable System is a system (such as an organization, team, or individual) that is capable of independent existence. It is defined by its capacity to exist and thrive