What is Isomorphism ?

A boundary separates a system from its environment. The borders of the system, determined by the observer(s), which define where control action can be taken: a particular area of responsibility

Chaos Theory is a field of study that focuses on the underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems. It emphasizes the “butterfly effect”, the concept that minor alterations in

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary science focused on “control and communication in the animal and the machine”. Coined by Norbert Wiener in 1948, the term is derived from the Greek word

A “Complex Adaptive System” is a collection of diverse, interconnected entities that adapt and interact with each other, leading to emergent behaviours and patterns. These systems are characterized by their

The butterfly effect is a metaphor for the unpredictability of complex systems. It suggests that small changes in initial conditions can lead to drastically different outcomes. Edward Lorenz, in his

The concept of the ideal type is rooted in the work of sociologist Max Weber and serves as a fundamental theoretical tool in systems thinking for understanding complex realities, classifying