Critical Systems Thinking (CST) is second-order endeavor that that critically examines the philosophical and theoretical foundations of various systems methodologies. It acknowledges that real-world problems are inherently complex, multifaceted, and involve diverse stakeholders with differing perspectives and interests.
CST emphasizes the importance of methodological pluralism, encouraging the use of multiple systems methodologies, methods, and models in combination. This approach aims to create more effective solutions for complex organizational and societal challenges.
Origins and Development
CST emerged in the 1980s, primarily from research at the University of Hull by Michael C. Jackson and Paul Keys, who established a program to inquire into the theoretical coherence and practical value of different systems approaches to management.
It arose from a recognition of the limitations of earlier systems thinking approaches, such as “hard systems thinking,” which struggled with complex problems involving multiple perspectives and conflicts.
CST also draws its inspiration and theoretical foundations from two main sources: social theory (especially sociological paradigms and critical social theory) and the broader systems approach itself. It seeks to combine the theoretical rigor of social sciences with the practical applicability of systems thinking methodologies.
Core Commitments of CST
Critical Systems Thinking (CST) is built on a set of core ideas that have developed over time to better tackle complex problems. These key ideas, or commitments, include systemic critique, systemic pluralism, systemic improvement, and systemic pragmatism. Here’s a breakdown of each:
- Systemic Critique: CST emphasizes systemic critique, which means understanding that no single system can fully explain the “whole picture.” Every system has its strengths and weaknesses, depending on the perspective used. This involves questioning the assumptions behind different systems approaches and methods. By doing so, CST uncovers their limitations and potential biases.
- Systemic Pluralism: CST values systemic pluralism, which means using multiple perspectives and a range of methodologies and methods in combination.
- Systemic Improvement: CST is focused on systemic improvement, which means working towards a better world. This includes ideals like fairness, sustainability, resilience, and mutual understanding.
- Systemic Pragmatism: Systemic pragmatism is the philosophical foundation of CST. It helps address the challenge of relativism (the idea that all perspectives are equally valid) by focusing on practical outcomes. This approach rejects the idea that truth is something we just observe. Instead, it sees theories as tools to guide action, and beliefs are judged by their real-world results.
CST positions itself as an inclusive approach that brings together the strengths of various systems traditions to provide comprehensive guidance for leaders and managers.CST provides a flexible, ethically informed framework for addressing complex challenges. It aims to ensure that interventions are not only efficient and effective but also viable, foster mutual understanding, and contribute to fairness and empowerment in organizations and society. It’s a flexible and thoughtful way to address the complexity of today’s challenges.
See Also: Multimethodolgy
Source: Jackson, Michael. (2019). Critical Systems Thinking and the Management of Complexity – (John Wiley & Sons). & Jackson, Michael. (2024). Critical systems thinking: A practitioner’s guide – John Wiley & Sons.