What is Bounded Rationality ?

General Systems Theory (GST), introduced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1937, is a framework for understanding complex systems as organized wholes. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of components within

A System of Systems Methodology (SOSM) is a meta-methodological framework that aims to match various systems methodologies with their most suitable application contexts. It serves as a guide for choosing

The term ‘Gestalt’, originating from Germany, refers to the concept of ‘shape’ or ‘form’. It is central to a branch of psychology that highlights how the mind tends to perceive

The butterfly effect is a metaphor for the unpredictability of complex systems. It suggests that small changes in initial conditions can lead to drastically different outcomes. Edward Lorenz, in his

A holon is something that is simultaneously a whole and a part.

Unintended consequences are outcomes that occur unexpectedly or without prior intention due to interactions and behaviors within a complex system. They are not part of the system’s original goals or