What is Pathologies ?

The term “action research” was coined around 1944 by the social psychologist Kurt Lewin. Lewin strongly believed that research in the social sciences must serve social practice, arguing that “Research

Open systems are systems that interact with their environment by importing and exporting matter and energy. Living organisms are prime examples of open systems. They sustain themselves through a continuous

In systems thinking, the focus is on relationships rather than the individual elements within a system. These connections—whether causal, correlational, feedback loops, direct, or indirect—are what define and shape the

In cybernetics, variety is the main way to measure the complexity of a system. It refers to the number of possible states a system can have and is essential for

A paradigm refers to a set of fundamental theories, principles, and techniques that are commonly accepted and followed within a specific field or context. It provides an established framework or