What is Variety ?

Feedback is essential to control. In a well functioning system, feedback loop are designed so that the system is brought back under control in the act of going under control.

Critical Systems Thinking (CST) is second-order endeavor that that critically examines the philosophical and theoretical foundations of various systems methodologies. It acknowledges that real-world problems are inherently complex, multifaceted, and

Positivism values scientific knowledge and empirical evidence. It operates under the assumption that the best way to understand and explain the world is through observation, measurement, and experimentation. Positivism seeks

General Systems Theory (GST), introduced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1937, is a framework for understanding complex systems as organized wholes. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of components within

A paradigm refers to a set of fundamental theories, principles, and techniques that are commonly accepted and followed within a specific field or context. It provides an established framework or

Modelling is a process that involves creating an abstract and simplified representation of a system. By examining the system’s components and their relationships, we can gain valuable insights and uncover