What is Variety ?

The term “action research” was coined around 1944 by the social psychologist Kurt Lewin. Lewin strongly believed that research in the social sciences must serve social practice, arguing that “Research

Open systems are systems that interact with their environment by importing and exporting matter and energy. Living organisms are prime examples of open systems. They sustain themselves through a continuous

The term ‘Gestalt’, originating from Germany, refers to the concept of ‘shape’ or ‘form’. It is central to a branch of psychology that highlights how the mind tends to perceive

Lorenz attractor, discovered by the American meteorologist Edward Lorenz, is renowned for its chaotic and unpredictable nature. It demonstrates a sensitive dependence on initial conditions, which means that even minuscule

Complexity refers to the condition of systems, objects, phenomena, or concepts that are challenging to understand, explain, or manage due to their intricate and interconnected nature. It involves multiple elements

Interactive Planning, developed by Russell L. Ackoff, is a strategic approach used to manage complexity in organizations. It leverages the collective knowledge and creativity of all members to construct a