What is Reductionism ?

Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH), developed by Werner Ulrich, is a philosophical framework for reflective and emancipatory practice. Its core is boundary critique, using 12 boundary questions to systematically surface the

Method or technique refers to the concrete steps or tools used to implement the methodology. Method is associated with the specific systems approach and concerned with achieving more specific procedural

General Systems Theory (GST), introduced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1937, is a framework for understanding complex systems as organized wholes. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of components within

The term ‘Gestalt’, originating from Germany, refers to the concept of ‘shape’ or ‘form’. It is central to a branch of psychology that highlights how the mind tends to perceive

Socio-Technical Systems (STS) is a term that originated from the work of Eric Trist, Ken Bamforth, and Fred Emery during the World War II era, based on their experiences with