What is Black Box ?

A black box is a system where only the inputs (what goes in) and outputs (what comes out) are observed, focusing on its behaviour without examining how it works inside.

Groupthink, a term coined by social psychologist Irving Janis, is a phenomenon that occurs when the desire for harmony within a group leads to poor decision-making.

Systematic thinking is an analytical approach that scrutinizes individual parts of a system using linear cause-effect mechanisms to understand the whole. It employs step-by-step analysis, evaluation, and repetition, focusing on

Interpretivism focuses on subjective experiences and interpreting the meaning from non-measurable aspects of the social world, such as meaning, social action, perspectives, social norms, and discourse. It recognizes that people’s

Interactive Planning, developed by Russell L. Ackoff, is a strategic approach used to manage complexity in organizations. It leverages the collective knowledge and creativity of all members to construct a

The term “mess,” coined by Russell Ackoff, refers to a complex system of interconnected problems that cannot be addressed in isolation. It emphasizes that attempting to solve individual problems within